How much does air duct cleaning cost, and what factors influence the cleaning cost? The air duct cleaning cost can vary based on factors such as the size of your home, the complexity of your ductwork, and the level of contamination. Additional services like AC duct cleaning, vent cleaning, and cleaning HVAC systems might also …The most common cause of common biliary duct dilatation is obstruction due to gallstones, states the Radiology Assistant. Another cause of obstruction besides gallstones is strictu...For homes and businesses, complete service that includes cleaning of air conditioning units as well, the average cost falls between $300 and $500. Factors that ...What's the average cost of a duct cleaner $150 - $188. low. $150. median. $160. high. $188. Average reviews for Duct Cleaning Services. based on 13 reviews. 4.62. 11. 1. 0. 0. 1. What is Airtasker? ... Air conditioning and central heating duct cleaning. Air conditioning duct cleaning and heater duct cleaning services both involve the same steps:How Much Does Duct Cleaning Cost. The average national range of air duct cleaning can cost around $300-$500 and up to $1000. The national average price is about $35 per vent. Quality Cleaning Solutions Pricing. At our company here in Wichita, our prices for duct cleaning are competitive. $149 for the first 7 vents and $25 for each additional vent.Are you preparing for the RSCIT exam? Want to boost your chances of success on the online test? Look no further. In this article, we will provide you with some valuable tips and tr...Be careful of the vent cleaning "deals." A lot of them are a bait and switch. Like it's $80/ 10 vents, but you're required to do the whole house and the other 10 vents in your house will be $100/ vent. Or it's $80/10 vents, but they forgot to tell you that they also have a technicians fee, or a minimum service fee etc.The cost of air duct cleaning in Jacksonville, FL, like other cities, is affected by several factors. Among them are local labor costs, the cost of local permits, and materials. The cost of air duct cleaning in Jacksonville, FL , …Air duct cleaning costs anywhere from £50-£250, but a standard price is around £100. Some companies and professionals might quote a duct cleaning cost per metre, but it’s more common to quote on the whole job because the length of your ducts is just one factor to consider. The cost of air duct cleaning depends on: These services typically—but not always—range in cost from $450 to $1,000 per heating and cooling system, depending on the services offered, the size of the ... Structures for Air Duct Cleaning Costs. Generally speaking, air duct cleaning can cost anywhere around $450-$1000 according to NADCA and the EPA. It’s important that your cleaning service includes all components of your HVAC system for the most effective clean ( EPA ). Structures for Air Duct Cleaning Costs. Generally speaking, air duct cleaning can cost anywhere around $450-$1000 according to NADCA and the EPA. It’s important that your cleaning service includes all components of your HVAC system for the most effective clean ( EPA ). Structures for Air Duct Cleaning Costs. Generally speaking, air duct cleaning can cost anywhere around $450-$1000 according to NADCA and the EPA. It’s important that your cleaning service includes all components of your HVAC system for the most effective clean ( EPA ). Are you preparing for the RSCIT exam? Want to boost your chances of success on the online test? Look no further. In this article, we will provide you with some valuable tips and tr... See special pricing from Lowe’s Air Duct Cleaning in your area. For questions and quotes, please call (800) 699-0955. This Air Duct Cleaning Las Vegas Quote Includes: $0.00 to $0.00 per square foot material costs. Average labor costs to clean ducts & vents in Las Vegas, Nevada. Average costs for materials and equipment for air duct cleaning in Las Vegas. All project costs (surface preparation, components and machinery), and cleanup fees.Whenever a Snyder Air Conditioning, Plumbing & Electric professional steps into your residence, rest assured they will discuss and detail every service option, enabling you to make an informed decision before …The original Thanksgiving was very different to the way it is celebrated now. Find out more about Thanksgiving with this HowStuffWorks quiz. Advertisement Advertisement Advertiseme...This is just one factor that can affect the cost of air duct cleaning, in addition to factors like how bad the fire damage is, how much of the vent is damaged, the type of duct you have, and more. But generally, prices range between $400 and $1000 for a full cleaning. Air Duct Cleaning Cost Factors Degree of Fire and Smoke DamageFeb 22, 2024 · Cleaning AC coils costs anywhere from $75 to $700, or an average of $125 per coil. Dirt, dust and pet hair tend to accumulate on both your condenser and evaporator coils, and the buildup can cause ... Are you preparing for the RSCIT exam? Want to boost your chances of success on the online test? Look no further. In this article, we will provide you with some valuable tips and tr...Information provided by the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA) suggests that the average cost of a full air duct cleaning cost between $450 to $1,000. The chart below will give you an estimated price range to have your air ducts professionally and thoroughly cleaned: Square Footage House. Estimated Cost. 1,000 sq. ft. $230–$490. 1,500 sq. ft.The average duct cleaning cost for most homeowners is $400, with prices fluctuating between $300-$500. You should expect to pay about $35 per vent (with the cost being slightly higher for larger homes). Some hiring tips: Be wary of low price offers - some contractors don’t actually provide quality cleaning services.The national average cost for cleaning the air ducts is between $350 and $1,000, with most people paying around $530 to inspect and clean a 1,000 square foot …All these elements come together in determining the cost of getting your air ducts cleaned in San Jose, Ca. How Much Does Duct Cleaning Cost In San Jose, Ca. Typically duct cleaning ranges from $450 to $1000 and is highly dependent on the situation and the type of services you need.How Much Does Air Duct Cleaning Cost? Posted on September 5, 2017 (December 18, 2023) by Staff. The source of your difficulty breathing in your Phoenix home could be coming – almost like in a horror movie – from inside your very home! No, it is not some movie monster; it is your air ducts.Air duct cleaning costs anywhere from $260-$500. What is the average cost to clean air ducts? Most homes spend a standard price is around $375. Some companies and professionals might quote a duct cleaning cost per meter, but it’s more common to quote on the whole job because the length of your ducts is just …Dec 12, 2022 · The cost of a professional air duct cleaning service depends on several factors, including the size and type of your home. You can expect to pay around $285 and $485 for an average-sized air duct cleaning job. A broader scale of $150 to a high-end estimate of $700 accounts for larger, more complex jobs. If you have two or more air conditioning ... How Much Does Duct Cleaning Cost. The average national range of air duct cleaning can cost around $300-$500 and up to $1000. The national average price is about $35 per vent. Quality Cleaning Solutions Pricing. At our company here in Wichita, our prices for duct cleaning are competitive. $149 for the first 7 vents and $25 for each additional vent.For large homes, you could spend as much as $1,000. How does the cost per square foot affect pricing? Most companies charge by the square foot, referring to the house size, not the ducts themselves. Air duct cleaning cost per square foot is typically around $0.15 to $0.40. For a 2,000-square-foot home, you …Have you noticed a decline in the air quality in your home? Are you constantly sneezing or experiencing respiratory issues? If so, it might be time to consider air duct cleaning. A...The cost for air duct cleaning is about $380, on average. However, costs can range between $270 and $500, depending on location, number of vents, duct accessibility, and how much cleaning is required. Additional factors can impact the cost of cleaning your air ducts, such as removing pests, mold and mildew, asbestos, and other …A typical AC duct cleaning service for instance can cost you anything between AED 700 to AED 5000 for apartments and villas. The price you get will be based on ...The national average cost for cleaning the air ducts is between $350 and $1,000, with most people paying around $530 to inspect and clean a 1,000 square foot …Information provided by the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA) suggests that the average cost of a full air duct cleaning cost between $450 to $1,000. The chart below will give you an estimated price range to have your air ducts professionally and thoroughly cleaned: Square Footage House. Estimated Cost. 1,000 sq. ft. $230–$490. 1,500 sq. ft.Dec 28, 2020 · Unlike other HVAC repairs, the average cost of air duct sealing depends largely on the existing infrastructure. For an average job, though, you can expect to pay anywhere from $1,000 to $2,500. For an average job, though, you can expect to pay anywhere from $1,000 to $2,500. Jun 7, 2023 · How Much Does It Cost to Clean Air Ducts? Depending on where you live and on the size of your home and its HVAC system, air duct cleaning costs $379 at the low end and ranges up to $775 or more. The average cost of air duct cleaning is between $268 and $492. May 19, 2022 ... Generally, duct cleaning costs between $500 and $1000. The factors involved in your air duct cleaning costs include: The size of your ductwork ...Regular cleaning ensures your HVAC system functions efficiently. At Advantage Air Mechanical, we prioritize transparency in pricing so much so that we list our duct cleaning costs right up front on our website: low $369, average $459, and high $649. However, these are general estimates. Various factors can …Mar 8, 2024 ... Duct cleaning usually costs from $450 to $1,000.2 However, the cost can vary significantly depending on the size of the system, how accessible ...Unlike other HVAC repairs, the average cost of air duct sealing depends largely on the existing infrastructure. For an average job, though, you can expect to pay anywhere from $1,000 to $2,500. For an average job, though, you can expect to pay anywhere from $1,000 to $2,500.Order : Air duct cleaning costs will fluctuate depending on the number of furnaces and vents in your home. Our air duct services include a whole-system cleaning powered by our truck-mounted vacuums and air duct cleaning specialists trained to NADCA standards. Beware of companies who offer eye-catching low prices as these services most likely do ... To maintain the cost of cleaning the furnace regularly, you can hire professional cleaners in summer to clean your furnace. The season has ideal weather conditions for duct cleaning and will also save you on costs. You may have to pay $486 on average for furnace cleaning in Ottawa. How much does AC duct cleaning cost in Dubai? The cost of AC duct cleaning in Dubai depends on several factors, including the size of your home, the number of ducts, and the complexity of the system. On average, the cost of AC duct cleaning in Dubai ranges from AED 500 to AED 1500. Several factors can affect the cost of AC duct cleaning in Dubai. The average cost of air duct cleaning is between $268 and $492. Air Duct Cleaning Cost Averages. Average Cost: $379 : Low Cost: $268 and $492 : High Cost: $775+ Source HomeAdvisor Cost Guides > Duct Cleaning Cost Guide For Toronto. Duct Cleaning Cost Guide For Toronto. Typical Range: $100 - $24,750. Find out how much your project will cost. ... Whether you keep your house cool in the summer with central air conditioning or use a furnace to stay toasty in the winter, air ducts are essential …Condenser coil cleaning, the one located outside your home, happens during your annual AC tuneup for $75 to $200. As a separate service, duct cleaning costs $250 to $500 and covers the evaporator coil, located in the air handler inside your home. Coils work to absorb heat into the refrigerant that flows through them, moving …While there's no flat fee for HVAC cleaning since every system is unique, there are a few factors you can consider when calculating air duct cleaning costs.The cost for air duct cleaning is about $380, on average. However, costs can range between $270 and $500, depending on location, number of vents, duct accessibility, and how much cleaning is required. Additional factors can impact the cost of cleaning your air ducts, such as removing pests, mold and mildew, asbestos, and other …How Much Does Air Duct Cleaning Cost? Photo: tab1962 / iStock / Getty Images Plus / Getty Images. The average cost to clean air ducts is $370. Costs vary based on the size of your home, the number of ducts, and …The cost of an air duct cleaning in Chicago varies and normally ranges anywhere from around $300 to over $1000 for an overall cleaning of the central air conditioner. However, there are some that offer to do it for only $75, but be careful.The cost of having HVAC ducts cleaned can vary depending on a variety of factors, such as the size of the property, the number of air ducts that need cleaning, and the location of the property. The national average cost for HVAC duct cleaning is between $300 and $500, with a typical range of $268 to $482. However, the cost can be as low as …Structures for Air Duct Cleaning Costs. Generally speaking, air duct cleaning can cost anywhere around $450-$1000 according to NADCA and the EPA. It’s important that your cleaning service includes all components of your HVAC system for the most effective clean ( EPA ).The fact of the matter is that the cost of an air duct cleaning depends on the home that you live in. A small home with one system will cost less than a larger home with more than one system. The least amount of money that you will pay to have your ducts cleaned properly is anywhere from $400-$500 and the most that you’ll wind up paying is ... How much does air duct cleaning cost? How much does air duct cleaning cost? Air duct cleaning costs will fluctuate depending on the number of furnaces and vents in your home. However, it will typically cost $500 or more. On average, the cost of AC duct cleaning in Dubai ranges from AED 500 to AED 1500. Factors that affect AC duct cleaning prices in Dubai Several factors can .... The national average for duct cleaning is $450 to $1,000 . We should note that the EPA suggests there is little evidence to suggest that duct cleaning will have a …The cost for air duct cleaning is about $380, on average. However, costs can range between $270 and $500, depending on location, number of vents, duct accessibility, and how much cleaning is required. Additional factors can impact the cost of cleaning your air ducts, such as removing pests, mold and mildew, …The cost of a duct cleaning based on the size of your home. Replacing missing vent covers. Replacing missing, decaying, or non-reusable air filters. The Average Cost for Duct Cleaning. We began our premium duct cleaning service in 1982 and after cleaning ducts of mobile homes for over 40 years, we have found . The average cost of …The average cost of duct cleaning ranges from $250 to $525. Factors that affect the cost. The final cost will depend on where you live and the company you hire, …What Is Air Duct Cleaning? Air duct cleaning is a process designed to remove dust, debris, allergens, and contaminants from the various components of a home's heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system. This includes cleaning the air ducts themselves, as well as other parts of the system, such as registers, grilles, and …Mar 27, 2021 · If you need to get your home’s air ducts cleaned from a company based in South Ontario, you can expect to spend around $250 to $500. In fact, the specific amount would vary depending on the size of the home and the company’s coverage area. In addition, the company you select can also create an impact on the overall cost. Jan 10, 2023 · Counting the number of vents. Pricing by square footage. The average per-square-foot cost for duct cleaning is $0.20 to $0.40. Using this standard, a 1,200-square-foot house could run from $240 to $500, while a 3,000-square-foot one could range from $600 to $1,200. This is just one factor that can affect the cost of air duct cleaning, in addition to factors like how bad the fire damage is, how much of the vent is damaged, the type of duct you have, and more. But generally, prices range between $400 and $1000 for a full cleaning. Air Duct Cleaning Cost Factors Degree of Fire and Smoke DamageHow Much Does Furnace and AC Duct Cleaning Cost? The average air conditioner lifespan is 17 years. How long a unit will last depends on its history of maintenance and repairs. If your AC unit is over 10 years old and needs a major repair, it may be worthwhile to replace it with a new high-efficiency unit. Call us at 1-855-255-5458 …Dec 10, 2023 · Cost of AC Duct Cleaning and Sanitization in Dubai. AC Duct Cleaning & Sanitization service, starting at AED 550 per unit, provides a comprehensive solution. This includes thorough cleaning, vacuuming, and effective sanitization to remove dust, debris, mold, and bacteria from your ducts, ensuring clean and healthy air circulation. Nov 17, 2023 · Duct Cleaning Cost Range. The cost of HVAC duct cleaning is generally between $315 – $1,250, for a complete duct and HVAC system cleaning. It only makes sense to have your furnace or air handler cleaned when the ducts are cleaned, or the dust and debris in it will simply be blown back into the ducts. 2 days ago · The cost of duct cleaning in Orlando can vary depending on the size of your home, the number of vents and registers you have, and the level of cleaning required. On average, you can expect to pay between $300 and $800 for a standard duct cleaning service in Orlando. Residential ductwork cleaning varies and can cost between $450 to $1,000. How long does it take for ductwork to be cleaned?It might be time for an air duct cleaning. Getting your air ducts cleaned in Phoenix can cost anywhere from $350 to $1,000, with $710 being the average cost. That’s a big range, we know. Before we talk about these duct cleaning cost factors, let’s determine whether you actually need your air ducts …In today’s digital age, having a strong online presence is crucial for businesses, especially for ace online stores. With the increasing popularity of e-commerce, it’s important to...The cost for air duct cleaning is about $380, on average. However, costs can range between $270 and $500, depending on location, number of vents, duct accessibility, and how much cleaning is required. Additional factors can impact the cost of cleaning your air ducts, such as removing pests, mold and mildew, asbestos, and other …For large homes, you could spend as much as $1,000. How does the cost per square foot affect pricing? Most companies charge by the square foot, referring to the house size, not the ducts themselves. Air duct cleaning cost per square foot is typically around $0.15 to $0.40. For a 2,000-square-foot home, you …Feb 22, 2024 · Cleaning AC coils costs anywhere from $75 to $700, or an average of $125 per coil. Dirt, dust and pet hair tend to accumulate on both your condenser and evaporator coils, and the buildup can cause ... How Much Does Air Duct Cleaning Cost? On average, a professional air duct cleaning costs between $270 and $490, with most people paying around $380. Your price may vary depending on a few factors, including the size of your home and the number of vents you have. Related Article. To maintain the cost of cleaning the furnace regularly, you can hire professional cleaners in summer to clean your furnace. The season has ideal weather conditions for duct cleaning and will also save you on costs. You may have to pay $486 on average for furnace cleaning in Ottawa. How Much Does Air Duct Sealing Cost? [2024 Data] Normal range: $ 500 - $ 4,000Duct sealing costs averages $2,250, ... For example, air duct cleaning costs might go down by a few hundred dollars if you have the service completed while your tech is already on site. Related Article.I am just like you, before I even think of calling an air duct cleaning specialist I want to have an idea how much it’s gonna cost. The problem is that each living space is different and that will determine your cost. Call us now: 973.557.5437. ... How Much Does Air Duct Cleaning Cost?A basic duct cleaning service usually costs between $900 and $1000 and includes cleaning the supply and return ducts, furnace, air conditioner, and registers. Cleaning services that are more comprehensive, including the air handler, can cost upwards of $1,500. This is just one factor that can affect the cost of air duct cleaning, in addition to factors like how bad the fire damage is, how much of the vent is damaged, the type of duct you have, and more. But generally, prices range between $400 and $1000 for a full cleaning. Air Duct Cleaning Cost Factors Degree of Fire and Smoke Damage This is significantly more expensive but is much more effective than its DIY counterpart. Professional air duct sealing usually costs between $1,500 and $4,000. Luckily, this upfront cost will usually pay for itself very quickly in the form of energy savings.Duct cleaning cost based on the number of vents or size of your house: Duct cleaning cost (0 to 10 vents / 1,000-sf house): $310 to $410. Duct cleaning cost (20 vents / 2,000-sf house): $610 to $810. Duct cleaning cost (30 vents / 3,000-sf house): $910 to $1,220. Duct cleaning cost (40 vents / 4,000-sf house): $1,220 to $1,630.How Much Does Duct Cleaning Cost. The average national range of air duct cleaning can cost around $300-$500 and up to $1000. The national average price is about $35 per vent. Quality Cleaning Solutions Pricing. At our company here in Wichita, our prices for duct cleaning are competitive. $149 for the first 7 vents and $25 for each additional vent.The cost of an air duct cleaning in Chicago varies and normally ranges anywhere from around $300 to over $1000 for an overall cleaning of the central air conditioner. However, there are some that offer to do it for only $75, but be careful. Air duct cleaning costs anywhere from $260-$500. What is the average cost to clean air ducts? Most homes spend a standard price is around $375. Some companies and professionals might quote a duct cleaning cost per meter, but it’s more common to quote on the whole job because the length of your ducts is just one factor to consider. The cost of ... Air duct cleaning costs anywhere from £50-£250, but a standard price is around £100. Some companies and professionals might quote a duct cleaning cost per metre, but it’s more common to quote on the whole job because the length of your ducts is just one factor to consider. The cost of air duct cleaning depends on: On average, duct cleaning costs $380, or between $268 and $493.Larger homes, or those with more ducts or contamination, might pay as much as $700.Homeowners should clean their ducts every five to seven years or as needed to help improve system efficiency. Best Air Duct Cleaning in Birmingham, AL - Aire Serv of Birmingham, 3D Air Services, Stanley Steemer, Cool Breeze, Advantaclean, Lint Lizard Dryer Vent Services, Advanced Air Care Solutions, RE Michel, One Source Heating Cooling & Electrical, Klean-Co of Alabama.The cost of a professional air duct cleaning service depends on several factors, including the size and type of your home. You can expect to pay around $285 and $485 for an average-sized air duct cleaning job. A broader scale of $150 to a high-end estimate of $700 accounts for larger, more complex jobs. If …Pembersihan Ducting AC Exhaust Fresh Air Professional Maintenance & Repair Perawatan outdoor/indoor yang dilakukan dengan melakukan pengecekan setiap unit pendukung …The cost of duct cleaning in Orlando can vary depending on the size of your home, the number of vents and registers you have, and the level of cleaning required. On average, you can expect to pay between $300 and $800 for a standard duct cleaning service in Orlando.How Much Does Air Duct Cleaning Cost? Posted on September 5, 2017 (December 18, 2023) by Staff. The source of your difficulty breathing in your Phoenix home could be coming – almost like in a horror movie – from inside your very home! No, it is not some movie monster; it is your air ducts.Jan 22, 2018 · Some companies will offer a low intro price, like a “$99 whole-house duct cleaning special,” but remember—you get what you pay for. Lower priced contractors usually do less quality work. Our advice is to stick with a duct cleaning service in the $500 to $700 range. The contractor does a bait-n-switch. Unfortunately, some contractors will ... See special pricing from Lowe’s Air Duct Cleaning in your area. For questions and quotes, please call (800) 699-0955. (800) 699-0955 Special Pricing Service Area. Packages. View Packages Flat Rate Pricing. Air Duct Cleaning. Our Process Why Clean Air Ducts? Prevent Duct Contamination FAQ. Dryer Vent Cleaning.The cost for air duct cleaning is about $380, on average. However, costs can range between $270 and $500, depending on location, number of vents, duct accessibility, and how much cleaning is required. Additional factors can impact the cost of cleaning your air ducts, such as removing pests, mold and mildew, asbestos, and other … Duct cleaning may be beneficial for ducts clogged by dust, ducts from which dust enters the home, or for ducts that are infested with mold. Screamline. I did mine before we even turned on the air. It was necessary though. I don't think it was cleaned ever in the 63 years since it was built. The cost of dryer vent cleaning is generally between $75 to $310 when done by a local vent cleaning company. The cost varies depending on the location of the vent (ground level, soffit, roof, etc), the type of material used in the duct (metal, flexible), the length of the dryer vent duct and the condition of the vent.Jul 31, 2023 ... On average, air duct cleaning costs around $500, but pricing generally ranges from $285 to $1,000. Will my technician spray cleaning products?The cost for air duct cleaning is about $380, on average. However, costs can range between $270 and $500, depending on location, number of vents, duct accessibility, and how much cleaning is required. Additional factors can impact the cost of cleaning your air ducts, such as removing pests, mold and mildew, asbestos, and other …Medicine Matters Sharing successes, challenges and daily happenings in the Department of Medicine ACS Pfizer Disparities Nadia Hansel, MD, MPH, is the interim director of the Depar...The cost for air duct cleaning is about $380, on average. However, costs can range between $270 and $500, depending on location, number of vents, duct accessibility, and how much cleaning is required. Additional factors can impact the cost of cleaning your air ducts, such as removing pests, mold and mildew, asbestos, and other …So how much does duct cleaning cost? Well, first off, the price range varies from contractor to contractor. But generally speaking, duct cleaning can cost anywhere from $800 to $2,200 in the state of Texas. The factors that impact how much you pay for duct cleaning include the: Size of your home; Number of …In this article, I’ll dive into the various factors that can influence the cost of air duct cleaning and provide you with an average cost range. So, let’s unravel the mystery together and find out how much an air duct cleaning really costs. Key Takeaways: The average cost for air duct cleaning ranges from $300 to $1000. Metro Duct Cleaning Provides Expert Air Duct Cleaning Service in Atlanta And All Surroundings. Send Message Affordable Air Duct Cleaning Services in Atlanta, GA Metro Area–Licensed & Certified–100% Guaranteed–Call Now (404) 988-3808 Work Is 100% Guaranteed. Air duct cleaning costs anywhere from $50-$250, but a standard price is around $100. Some companies and professionals might quote a duct cleaning cost per metre, but it’s more common to quote on the whole job because the length of your ducts is just one factor to consider.The cost for air duct cleaning is about $380, on average. However, costs can range between $270 and $500, depending on location, number of vents, duct accessibility, and how much cleaning is required. Additional factors can impact the cost of cleaning your air ducts, such as removing pests, mold and mildew, asbestos, and other …I am just like you, before I even think of calling an air duct cleaning specialist I want to have an idea how much it’s gonna cost. The problem is that each living space is different and that will determine your cost. Call us now: 973.557.5437. ... How Much Does Air Duct Cleaning Cost?The cost for air duct cleaning is about $380, on average. However, costs can range between $270 and $500, depending on location, number of vents, duct accessibility, and how much cleaning is required. Additional factors can impact the cost of cleaning your air ducts, such as removing pests, mold and mildew, asbestos, and other …Mar 8, 2024 ... Duct cleaning usually costs from $450 to $1,000.2 However, the cost can vary significantly depending on the size of the system, how accessible ... ---1